The Polish Case: Sanctions Without Conditionality – What If All It Took Was a Change of Government?

The paper examines the release of €137 billion in EU funds to Poland following Donald Tusk's return to power in December 2023, raising questions about the European Union's motivations and consistency regarding the rule of law. It critiques the alleged double standards applied to Poland, exploring whether the EU's criteria for withholding funds were genuinely rooted in concerns over judicial independence or driven by political considerations.

The Peace Project in an Era of Weaponized Interdependence

This paper examines the impact of globalization on global supply chains, highlighting the strategic leverage of dominant players like the U.S. and China. It explores how U.S. tariffs on EU goods and China’s control over rare earth minerals can disrupt trade, forcing companies to adjust supply chains and face higher costs. The paper focuses on the challenges posed by interdependencies, regulatory inconsistencies, and geopolitical tensions, particularly in the context of energy reliance and technological access.